Vítor Gaspar is "Agregado" in Economics (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1992). He also holds a PhD in Economics from the same University. He was Finance Minister from June 2010 to July 2013 and Head of the Bureau of European Advisers of the European Commission, from January 2007 to February 2010. From September 1998 to December 2004 he was Director-General Research at the European Central Bank.